Princeton’s Net Zero America: Potential Pathways, Infrastructure and Impacts charts five challenging, tortuous, investment-intensive paths to “net-zero” by 2050. A presentation that contains 345 slides of text, colorful graphs and wide area maps provides details about the selected scenarios. The Princeton research team promises peer-reviewed journal articles in the near future.
According to sponsor organization promotional materials, the slide deck was released before the journal articles “in recognition of the urgency to cut greenhouse gas emissions and the need for immediate federal, state, and local policy making efforts.” There’s little doubt that the project sponsors and the authors have a strong policy-influence agenda.
All five chosen scenarios involve technology and infrastructure deployments “at historically unprecedented rates across most sectors.” They represent “expansive impacts on landscapes” that have not yet been planned in communities whose permission has not yet been obtained.
Overlooked path
The NZA study ignores a straight, wide, blazed trail. As documented in Goldstein and Qvist’s 2019 book titled A BRIGHT FUTURE: How Some Countries Have Solved Climate Change and the Rest Can Follow, several major electricity grids have successfully eliminated coal and been nearly completely decarbonized.
In those grids–France, Sweden, and Ontario–a combination of nuclear power and hydroelectricity did the job. In each case, it took about two decades of sustained effort.
None of history’s successful decarbonization efforts required a complete reordering of the economy. The nuclear energy portion of the country- or providence-wide efforts that now provide reliable, abundant electricity from non-combustion sources that do not dump carbon dioxide to the environment did not result in “expansive impacts on landscapes.”
Electricity can do most of the work
Though electricity is only a part of total energy use, the Princeton study makes the reasonable assumption that decarbonized electricity grids can be expanded to supply the energy services needed to decarbonize most of the rest of the energy supply.
That same assumption continues to work if the electricity decarbonization path includes a successful effort to improve nuclear energy products and projects. Unlike wind and solar, atomic energy is a thermal energy source that can directly supply heat energy useful for industrial processes. Some of the electrification expansions that NZA assumes to be necessary to supply all energy demands might be accomplished more affordably with direct heat use.
Improved atomic energy systems can provide a major share of the energy that NZA scenario models supply using combustion accompanied by some form of carbon capture. If the carbon capture systems are retained while replacing combustion with abundant nuclear energy, we can draw down the current excess CO2 that has been accumulated in the atmosphere. Warming doesn’t stop if the blanket remains in place.
Choosing to discount nuclear improvements
Unfortunately, all three of history’s successful efforts to replace combustion stopped growing several decades ago. They were halted before making major impacts on energy consumption outside of electricity. Other jurisdictions that started down the nuclear energy path quit even earlier in the process.
Such a long time has passed since those successes that many, including the Princeton research team, have either forgotten they ever happened or assume that the conditions enabling atomic success can never again be achieved.
A discussion with Jesse Jenkins, one of the lead authors of the Princeton NZA pathways study, helped me to understand why nuclear energy played only a minor role in the modeled results. Based on a handful of recent nuclear projects located in “western” nations, the group assumed that nuclear generation would cost $6,600/kw in 2020 and only decline to $5,500/kw by 2050.
Since the NZA study uses models designed to produce “cost optimized” selections, nuclear didn’t make the cut until after 2030. Only then did it get selected and only in the single scenario that included modest constraints on siting renewables and transmission lines. Waiting until 2030 to begin building new nuclear helps to guarantee a significant delay in improving nuclear.
It’s difficult to improve anything without practice. It’s also difficult to displace recently built infrastructure.
Assuming that nuclear doesn’t improve very much makes some unlikely actions look more attractive. It can even can make actions described in the following statement seem almost reasonable.
“The current power grid took 150 years to build. Now, to get to net-zero emissions by 2050, we have to build that amount of transmission again in the next 15 years and then build that much more again in the 15 years after that. It’s a huge amount of change,” said Jenkins.
Princeton University: “Big but affordable effort needed for America to reach net-zero emissions by 2050, Princeton study shows”
Aside: It might not be obvious to people who aren’t deeply entrenched in the electricity supply business but building major transmission lines is never easy or quick. The planning and execution process often takes decades; it’s not uncommon for projects to be abandoned after substantial investments are made.
The Energy Institute at the University of Texas Austin has a 25 page white paper titled Estimation of Transmission Costs for New Generation that helps explain some of the complexities in an intrastate system. Those can expand geometrically if multiple states get involved. End Aside.
Does improved nuclear change the conversation?
A growing and strengthening group of independently minded experts agree that expensive nuclear will never be an optimum choice, but they also have evidence to believe that it’s possible to dramatically improve nuclear costs. Choosing just one example out of many, General Electric – Hitachi (GEH) has published a cost target of $2,250/kw for their simplified, tenth generation BWR, the BWRX-300.
If the Princeton researchers gave as much credit to atomic innovators as they did experts from BP, Exxon and Occidental, they might have produced a scenario that included achievable nuclear cost improvements. Instead, they sought expert advice from major multinational oil companies to develop a “notional capacity-cost curve for CO2 transport and storage” while more than doubling estimated costs coming from nuclear energy experts. (Note: Alluding to page 4 of “Annex I (NZA). CO2 Transport and StorageTransition DRAFT 2020-12-13.pdf”, which is available from the folder titled Princeton NZA Annexes at https://bit.ly/NetZeroAmerica)
Princeton researchers deny that they are fundamentally opposed to nuclear. They advocate for an investment of almost $20 B during the coming decade for advanced nuclear energy R&D. This suggestion, however, should be understood in the following context.
“Its comprehensive modeling of the country’s future energy pathways for decarbonization indicates that $2.5 trillion in additional investments will be needed over the next decade, on top of an estimated $9.4 trillion the country would be expected to invest in energy over the next decade under a “business-as-usual” pathway.”
GTM: “Princeton Study Charts a $2.5T Pathway to a Net-Zero Carbon US”
For those who don’t routinely do math with big numbers in their heads, that means that the Princeton team recommends spending 0.8% of their recommended additional energy investments for the 2020s developing improved nuclear energy products.
When asked about including improved nuclear in future model runs, Jesse Jenkins provided a thought-provoking answer. “I’ve run plenty of models with very cheap nuclear. That’s why I can confidently say that if costs are <$3500 the model eats nuclear up, and if not, it doesn’t.”
What can we do to improve nuclear energy outcomes?
Nuclear energy improvements are not guaranteed, but they are at least as credible and achievable as the massively impactful efforts envisioned in the Net-Zero America study.
In many places, the proven decarbonization path based on reasonable improvements in atomic energy needs to be cleared of accumulated debris. In other places, there are fewer barriers but a greater need for new infrastructure that has not yet been deployed. We–in the global, humanity-wide sense–have done this before and can do it again.
We can build better fission power sources now than we did in the past. Some countries, notably Russia, China and South Korea have nuclear energy industries that are already building cost-competitive nuclear projects on reasonably predictable schedules.
Even under democratic “disadvantages” we can manage nuclear projects better; we can enable a wider variety of systems that supply a wider variety of customer demands; we can mobilize abundant, affordable capital and we can ensure that “safety” is not used a code word for stopping innovation and continued expansion.
Not only do we have historical examples of success to follow, but we have developed many useful tools in the several decades since those successful efforts were abandoned before achieving full potential. Those new tools will enable us to achieve even greater success this time than during the First Atomic Age.
The better Atomic Age will require new thinking and aggressive actions. It is being influenced by disruptive ventures led by people who believe we can learn from history without repeating the same mistakes again and again.
Disclosure: Rod Adams, the author, is a Managing Partner at Nucleation Capital. He has a keen, vested interest in enabling advanced nuclear energy system success.
I have not looked at the Princeton study but typically these analyses leave
out Life Cycle Carbon emissions which for PV solar is around
40 g CO2/kWh, maybe 12 for wind, and 4-5 for nuclear. Batteries also
emit sizable LC CO2. So if you come up with a system which relies
on multiples pf soalr and wind plus a lot of batteries, your zero carbon grid
based on operating emission is really a 100 g CO2/kWh or larger grid.
This is addressed in the Appendix to my Why Nuclear Power has been a Flop book
which you can download from gordianknotbook.com
Rod, I saw your twitter stream with Jesse, where he explains he DID use nuclear for one of his scenarios. Okay. You gotta dig to find that part, however. Meanwhile, he has amazing hopes for carbon capture and storage. CCS is front and center, despite the clear problems with scaling it to anything like grid scale.
If I were a fossil company, renewables and carbon capture would be JUST what I would like. Renewables would spike the need for natural gas, and if carbon capture didn’t scale as well as predicted—“well, hey we tried.”
And thank you so much for your note about how hard it is to build transmission lines. Nobody pays any attention to that. It’s much easier to build a plant than a transmission line, and I expect plants to be going up all over the place. Gas-fired plants, with hopeful experimental carbon capture and storage. “We tried.”
Rod – something that caught my eye because it is IMO completely opaque:
” thought-provoking answer. “I’ve run plenty of models with very cheap nuclear. That’s why I can confidently say that if costs are <$3500 the model eats nuclear up, and if not, it doesn’t.” '
What, exactly, does "eats nuclear up" mean? Is it a good thing or a bad thing? And which costs are below $3500?
Your review of this "study" puts it's credibility, for me, squarely in the "Mark Z. Jacobsen" group for sloppiness. It's unfortunate that it will get any attention at all.
@Andrew Jaremko
I’m not sure if Prof. Jenkins will participate in this discussion. His responses to me on Twitter indicate he isn’t pleased with my piece.
So I’d try to answer. In the context of our discussion I’m pretty sure that “eats nuclear up” means that the cost optimization model really liked choosing nuclear solutions when construction costs were less than $3,500/kw. That cost leads to a highly competitive Levelized Cost of Electricity in many markets.
I hope I did not give the impression that Princeton’s work was “sloppy.” My message was that they overlooked or discredited a potentially important tool that deserved evaluation as its own pathway, especially in the context of strong advocacy for a $2.5 trillion investment in long-lived infrastructure investments.
Thanks Rod! That’s most helpful – I’m afraid I now have a reflex dislike and mistrust of any study that doesn’t include nuclear options.
Season’s greetings, merry Christmas, and here’s to a great year for all coming up.
One of the things I calculated is the demand for heat in winter. The EIA has month-by-month tables of natural gas consumption by sector of the economy. As it turns out, the peak of consumption (in January, natch) turns out to be just a fraction of the production of waste heat from a fully-nuclearized grid. Using a modern-day district heating system with tepid water distribution at perhaps 20°C and some low-powered heat pumps, all space heat and DHW could be fully decarbonized with minimal added electric demand anywhere the pipes reach.
The only fission district heating system in the OECD I’m aware of is the twin 365MWe Beznau PWRs in Switzerland; which supplies a couple thousand local customers. If I read correctly only a tiny fraction of available heat from one unit (~2%) is utilized.
Imagine a regulatory regime in which the largest district heating system in the world — Consolidated Edison in NYC — could easily be fueled by a SMAHTR-type pebble bed. More likely HVAC will be all electric utilizing highly efficient ground-source heat pumps as is done in Sweden. But all that reject heat Amory Lovins likes to depict in his spaghetti charts, I wonder what his opinion would be of nuking up NYC to atomic district heat?
I wonder if Jenkins would offer to be the first person smothered when inevitably one of those CO2 pipes carrying the gas to a disposal site leaks into a town or village on the way. This boy loves academia but has no practical experience in engineering.
Lucky for us, academics of this sort will be buried in the avalanche of World Industrial Revolution 2.0, which is gaining momentum rapidly. The US Congress has, for example, finally figured out that Russia and China will seize world energy markets through nuclear power exports, and will reduce US geopolitical influence commensurate to a country with nothing to offer, if the prior anti-nuclear hysteria continues to reign. And so, Congress is passing one pro-nuclear spending bill after another. Bipartisan bills. Under the radar. After all, for many senators and House members, it is a little inconvenient to explain to constituents (voters) that your were just bullshitting them about nuclear energy being extremely dangerous, in order to drive up its costs for the benefit of Exxon, et al, and, as a cheap and easy way to herd the voting cattle.
You are a smart man. Simple rules – Follow the Money. If they stop using oil, coal and gas what will replace their existing slot in civilization the most easily? Nuclear plants can be built instead of the old plants and recycle the existing transmission lines. It works. It does not need backup gas generation, super battery banks or a large pumped hydro project to enhance its availability.
“For the benefit of Exxon”
the framatome fuel fabrication facility in Richland Washington was started by Exxon in 1969.
There is indeed a lot of spending going on… DOE literally giving it away; even Holtec is getting matched funds $15-20M/yr for their languishing SMR.
The first world has shown total intolerance to risk in 2020 – it seems any risk is unacceptable, uninsurable, unattractive for investment. I got a feeling American interests are going to stand by and watch as Russia and China and Korea build [maybe] 50-ish LWR units outside their borders in the next 20 years before running out of paying customers. I believe I read a year or two ago that Indonesia wants to barter for equipment with palm oil… now that’s an attractive investment opportunity /s.
In January I’ll be giving the second version of my Dartmouth Osher Institute course, Electrifying the World: for Climate, for People. I’m revising it now, with publication slated for end February. It demonstrates how to utilize 12,000 GW of fission-generated electricity to meet world demands for industry, transportation, commerce, agriculture, etc. It’s a lot easier to read than the Princeton slides.
You know, the Princeton blurb only buttresses my belief that global politicians and scientists captive to them have lost their guts. After proving their eagerness to spend trillions on what Adam Smith called Moral Sentiments, they cannot spend even minuscule monies on informed scientific risks that bear considerable rewards. The failures of nuclear however, can also be traced to the outright corruption and stupidity that pols have shown in the name of making captive business interests more “free”. WPPS come to mind?
“. . . decarbonization efforts [that require] a complete reordering of the economy.”
Between Princeton’s NZA, MZ Jacobson, & the Green New Deal I think the “complete reordering of the economy” is the actual feature in all these plans, not a bug. Read AOC’s Green New Deal.
The colossal failure of the German Energiewende vs. France & Sweden can’t have escaped nearly all rational academics, politicians & environmental journalists out there, could it? (nb: I say colossal failure, admittedly recent data suggest Germany actually achieved its 2020 decarbonization goal thanks to COVID-19 but let’s see what happens if Germany retires its remaining reactors on schedule in 2022, this is the reason Germany is insisting on building the Nordstream pipeline to Russia)
Even at Vogtle’s obscene price tag of what, $7k per kWe, Germany could have built 60GWe that could easily have completely displaced its coal and made the solar-wind component entirely superfluous for LESS THAN HALF THE PRICE!